Obelisk

In the late 7th century, the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān began a massive campaign of social improvement. At this time, the Islamic Empire was one of the largest empires in history, spanning 11 million sq km, and containing 29% of the world’s population. Caliph Marwān understood that managing a sprawling empire meant infrastructure. read more